The top 10 new species list was announced May 23 by the International
Institute for Species Exploration at Arizona State University. The 2012
list includes a teensy attack wasp, night-blooming orchid, underworld
worm, ancient “walking cactus” creature, blue tarantula, Nepalese poppy,
giant millipede, sneezing monkey, fungus named for a TV cartoon
character and a beautiful but venomous jellyfish.
Composite by Sara Pennak/International Institute for Species Exploration/Arizona State University
The International Institute for Species Exploration at Arizona State
University and a committee of scientists from around the world announced
their picks for the top 10 new species described in 2011. This is the
fifth year for the top 10 new species list, which was released May 23 to
coincide with the anniversary of the birth of Carolus Linnaeus, the
Swedish botanist who was responsible for the modern system of plant and
animal names and classifications.
On this year’s top 10 new species list are a sneezing monkey, a
beautiful but venomous jellyfish, an underworld worm and a fungus named
for a popular TV cartoon character. The top 10 new species also include a
night-blooming orchid, an ancient walking cactus creature and a tiny
wasp. Rounding out this year’s list are a vibrant poppy, a giant
millipede and a blue tarantula.
“The top 10 is intended to bring attention to the biodiversity crisis
and the unsung species explorers and museums who continue a 250-year
tradition of discovering and describing the millions of kinds of plants,
animals and microbes with whom we share this planet,” said Quentin
Wheeler, an entomologist who directs the International Institute for
Species Exploration at ASU.
Members of the international committee who made their selection from
more than 200 nominations look for “species that capture our attention
because they are unusual or because they have traits that are bizarre,”
said Mary Liz Jameson, an associate professor at Wichita State
University who chaired the international selection committee. “Some of
the new species have interesting names; some highlight what little we
really know about our planet,” she said.
Images and other information about the top 10 new species, including
the explorers who made the discoveries and recorded them in calendar
year 2011, are online at http://species.asu.edu.
Also at the site is a Google world map that pinpoints the location for
each of the top 10 new species. This year’s top 10 come from Brazil,
Myanmar, the Dutch Caribbean, South Africa, Papua New Guinea, Spain,
Borneo, Nepal, China and Tanzania.
Describing the discoveries
Sneezing monkey: Since 2000, the number of mammals
discovered each year averages about 36. So it was nothing to sneeze at
when a new primate came to the attention of scientists conducting a
gibbon survey in the high mountains of Myanmar (formerly Burma).
Rhinopithecus strykeri, named in honor of Jon Stryker, president and
founder of the Arcus Foundation, is the first snub-nosed monkey to be
reported from Myanmar and is believed to be critically endangered. It is
distinctive for its mostly black fur and white beard and for sneezing
when it rains. A video of this species in on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1VuRvRv_UU.
Bonaire banded box jelly: This strikingly beautiful
yet venomous jellyfish looks like a box kite with colorful, long tails.
The species name, Tamoya ohboya, was selected by a teacher as part of a
citizen science project, assuming that people who are stung exclaim “Oh
boy!” A video of the species, which has been spotted near the Dutch
Caribbean island of Bonaire, is on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcraphPLAxY.
Devil’s worm: Measuring about 0.5 millimeters (1/50
or 0.02 inches) these tiny nematodes are the deepest-living terrestrial
multicellular organisms on the planet. They were discovered at a depth
of 1.3 kilometers (8/10 mile) in a South African gold mine and given the
name Halicephalobus mephisto in reference to the Faust legend of the
devil because the new species is found at such a depth in the Earth’s
crust and has survived immense underground pressure as well as high
temperatures (37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). According
to its discoverers, carbon dating indicated that the borehole water
where this species lives had not been in contact with Earth’s atmosphere
for the last 4,000 to 6,000 years.
Night-blooming orchid: A slender night stalker is
one way to describe this rare orchid from Papua New Guinea whose flowers
open around 10 at night and close early the next morning. It was
described by scientists from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Leiden
University, who named it Bulbophyllum nocturnum from the Latin word
meaning “at night.” It is believed to be the first night-blooming orchid
recorded among the more than 25,000 known species of orchids.
Parasitic wasp: Ants beware! This new species of
parasitic wasp cruises at just one centimeter (less than half an inch)
above the ground in Madrid, Spain, in search of its target: ants. With a
target in sight, the teensy wasp attacks from the air like a tiny dive
bomber, depositing an egg in less than 1/20 of a second. A video of the
wasp, named Kollasmosoma sentum, dropping an egg on its target is on
YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpMGhGMWaTA.
SpongeBob SquarePants mushroom: Named Spongiforma
squarepantsii, after the cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants, this
new fungus species looks more like a sponge than a typical mushroom. One
of its characteristics is that its fruiting body can be squeezed like a
sponge and bounce back to its normal size and shape. This fungus, which
smells fruity, was discovered in forests on the island of Borneo in
Malaysia.
Nepalese autumn poppy: This vibrant, tall, yellow
poppy found in Nepal may have gone undescribed because of its high
mountain habitat (10,827 to 13,780 feet). Named Meconopsis autumnalis
for the autumn season when the plant flowers, there is evidence that
this species was collected before but not recognized as new until
intrepid botanists collecting plants miles from human habitation in
heavy monsoon rains made the “rediscovery.”
Giant millipede: A giant millipede about the length
of a sausage bears the common name “wandering leg sausage,” which also
is at the root of its Latin name: Crurifarcimen vagans. The species
holds a new record as the largest millipede (16 centimeters or about 6.3
inches) found in one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, Tanzania’s
Eastern Arc Mountains. The new species is about 1.5 centimeter (0.6
inch) in diameter with 56 more or less podous rings, or body segments
bearing ambulatory limbs, each with two pairs of legs.
Walking cactus (lobopod fossil): Although this new
species looks more like a “walking cactus” than an animal at first
glance, Diania cactiformis belongs to an extinct group called the
armoured Lobopodia, which had wormlike bodies and multiple pairs of
legs. The fossil was discovered in Cambrian deposits about 520 million
years old from southwestern China and is remarkable in its segmented
legs that may indicate a common ancestry with arthropods, including
insects and spiders.
Sazima’s tarantula: Breathtakingly beautiful, this
iridescent hairy blue tarantula is the first new animal species from
Brazil to be named on the top 10 list. Pterinopelma sazimai is not the
first or only blue tarantula but truly spectacular and from “island”
ecosystems on flattop mountains.
Why a top 10 new species list?
“The more species we discover, the more amazing the biosphere proves
to be, and the better prepared we are to face whatever environmental
challenges lie ahead,” said the institute’s Wheeler, who also is a
professor in ASU’s School of Sustainability and its School of Life
Sciences.
“It is impossible to do justice to the species discoveries made each
year by singling out just 10. Imagine being handed 18,000 newly
published books packed with fantastic information and stories and before
having the opportunity to read them, being asked to pick the best 10,”
Wheeler said. “With the help of an international committee of experts we
do the best we can by picking those with flashy jackets, surprising
titles and unexpected plot lines in an effort to draw attention to the
whole lot.
“There are many reasons to discover and describe species, and draw
attention to this work. Perhaps most obvious is environmental: Unless we
know what species exist to begin with, we are powerless to detect,
track or mitigate losses of biodiversity,” said Wheeler. “Another is
biomimetics, turning to species for clues about new and sustainable ways
to meet our needs for survival, materials and designs. There is also an
intergenerational ethical imperative for species exploration. Because
human population levels and activities are driving extinctions, we owe
to humans who follow to explore and document our flora and fauna.
“Each species provides a unique chapter in the history of life and
unless we discover them now, we stand to lose an enormous amount of
irreplaceable evidence about our own origins and relatives,” said
Wheeler, who is one of an international group of 39 scientists, scholars
and engineers who provided a detailed plan in the March 30 issue of the
journal Systematics and Biodiversity to chart 10 million species in
less than 50 years, and called it a necessary step to sustain the
planet’s biodiversity.
Marking the May 23 birth of Linnaeus
The annual top 10 new species announcement commemorates the
anniversary of the birth of Carolus Linnaeus, who initiated the modern
system of plant and animal names and classifications. The 300th
anniversary of his birth on May 23 was celebrated worldwide in 2007.
Since Linnaeus initiated the modern systems for naming plants and
animals in the 18th century, nearly 2 million species have been named,
described and classified. Scientists estimate there are between 8
million and 100 million species on Earth, though most set the number
between 8 million to 12 million.
The list of the top 10 new species is issued annually by ASU’s
International Institute for Species Exploration as part of its public
awareness campaign to shine attention on biodiversity and the field of
taxonomy. Previous top 10 lists are online at http://species.asu.edu.
Taxon experts pick top 10
“The top 10 new species is all about exploration and discovery,” said
committee chair Jameson, “and learning more about our planet. Lewis and
Clark’s discoveries included the pronghorn antelope, prairie dog and
prairie rose – 250 species altogether. But our job is far from over. We
need the help of citizens and scientists alike to meet this grand
challenge.”
Nominations for this year’s top 10 list were invited through the
species.asu.edu website and also generated by institute staff and
committee members.
“We had well over 200 new species nominated this year, and from those, we picked some fascinating “critters,” said Jameson.
“Members on the committee come from many places around the world and
from many backgrounds, so we bring our own biases to the process; some
of us like photosynthesizers, some like predators, some like ocean
dwelling critters,” she said.
“Committee members had complete freedom in making their choices and
developing their own criteria, from unique attributes or surprising
facts about the species to peculiar names,” Wheeler noted. “I deeply
appreciate the taxon experts who gave their knowledge and time to select
this year’s top 10. By sharing their passion for exploring the
biosphere and discovering species, they spread the recognition and
appreciation of the critical roles played by taxonomy, botanical gardens
and natural history museums in biodiversity exploration and
conservation.”
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