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The Individual
What
has happened to our moral leadership? Imprisoning innocent children to
deter immigration is wicked. We should not use people as a means to an
end. Individuals know instinctively that it is cruel. Republicans
cannot tolerate 1,000 undocumented children, though there are 11.3
million illegal immigrants already living here, of which 1.8 million are
innocent DACA children. Republicans want “no amnesty”. What is it
that changes individuals in their group? Is it that they become less
responsible because they rely on others in the group?
Philippa
Foot’s trolley problem gives us further insight into the transition
from individual behavior to group behavior. In it, you are allowed to
divert a run-away trolley from a track where five workers would be
killed, onto a track where only one would die. Many people would do
this. But when there are asked if they would push a fat man off a
bridge that the trolley travels under, into the path of the trolley, to
stop it and save the five, they would not.
Our
president claims that America has been treated unfairly, laughed at
instead of admired. His Secretary of the Treasury, Steve Mnuchin,
explained that our Tariffs are intended to increase free trade. Trump
tweeted that “Tariffs are the greatest”, but is there something deeper,
more fundamental, that should not be ignored?
In
evenhanded negotiations everyone comes out a winner. In the trolley
example everyone loses. Five people die, or one person dies, and
another may suffer guilt. What is just? For you to win, do others have
to lose? When Trump explained, during the 2016 campaign, that the
police were great dealmakers, he was trying to identify himself as the
“law and order” candidate. He sees a world filled with tough, vicious
people, which he personally loves to win against. He is always on the
offense, attacking without regard to nuances.
Uncooperative
trading partners develop a bad reputation. We choose to trade with
those we like. Goodwill is beyond tangible assets. It can take years
of hard work to build, but is destroyed by a moment’s disrespect. Lost
customers are hard to win back.
We
can extrapolate, using commerce numbers, but they can’t predict our
interactions with one another. Expectations can have far greater
consequences than tariffs predict. An apprehensive world where everyone
is out to take advantage of us is not one with the dream, trust, hope,
and security that prosperity requires.
Group delusion fed by a charismatic leader influences behavior. The
1962 electric shock experiment, by Stanley Milgram, showed that
individuals would obey authority instead of their conscience. Bias that
accepts confirming information while ignoring or rationalizing
disconfirming information strengthens group identity. There is nothing
more convoluted than human consciousness. Our brain networks contain
more than 100 trillion connections. They dynamically change depending
on our life experiences. It is no wonder that we cannot understand
ourselves.
A
mousetrap catches mice. The approach that scientists use to understand
the mind is based on how the brain functions, just like how the
mousetrap does. Inputs to the brain are at the computational level.
They include sight, smell, hearing, and touch. The algorithmic level
deals with strategies and comprehension. The implementation level is
analogous to the components in an electronic circuit that are purposely
selected to provide an output or action. Given this, computers could
become intelligent.
Computers
follow the rules set by programmers who are at the whim of their
business bosses. You may have found a situation where your success, or
even your life, required you to break the rules. So what is at stake is
the balance between the individual and the group.
Humanity
is complex. In science, we are concerned about simplifying things so
we can see them. Easy things explode into long equations when there are
interactions between variables. That is why it is important to reduce
things to their simplest form.
Stable Groups
Groups
evolve toward stable equilibrium. It is like the drop of cream in your
morning coffee that spreads throughout. It exists when each individual
in a group makes his best possible decision while taking into account
the decisions of the others in the group. It is a consequence of the
interaction with the other decision makers in the group. Behavior
cannot be predicted by the analysis of how isolated individual decisions
might be made. One must ask what each individual would do, taking into
account the decisions of the other group members. Of course, thinking
about how others are thinking adds complexity and requires empathy. It
illustrates how stable groups make self-defeating decisions or
conversely how unstable policies that are best for a group might not be
good for individuals.
Loyalists
to Donald Trump are self-interested individuals. Assume Mueller has
two isolated co-conspirators in custody. He simultaneously offers an
identical deal to both. Both individuals are aware of the deal. They
have to make the best decision for themselves based on what they think
the other conspirator will do.
If
both prisoners remain quiet, and keep their facts from Mueller, they
will get one year in prison. If either one of them betrays the other by
squealing, he will be set free, but the quiet prisoner will be held in
custody for life. Who knows what he is hiding? If the prisoners betray
each other, each will get ten years in prison. What is the decision
that will lead to group equilibrium?
It
is never a good idea to remain silent. If your friend remains silent
as you do, you will both get a year in prison. But your friend might
not care that you will get life in prison, if he gets off free. The
only stable equilibrium is when both squeal and get ten years in
prison. Mueller gets his wish, (ignoring the House Freedom Caucus
Resolution to impeach Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein).
From
the viewpoint of their group, the best decision is for both
conspirators to remain silent. But it is not up to the group to
decide. That is for the individuals. This is for only two individuals,
but it can be extended to any number of people.
Unstable Groups
Tulips became popular in 17th
century Holland. At the top of the craze, a single tulip was worth
one’s life savings. But then people discovered the truth. The price of
a tulip became the same as the price of an onion.
Imagine
that you are the CEO of company “A”, but you can’t see that your
employees are crooks because you hired them and know that they are
“good” people. Dishonesty is profitable. Likewise, the CEOs of
competitor companies can’t see that their employees are cheating, but
they think they can see if you are. They are envious. It is only
themselves that they are blind to. Assume that there are twenty
companies. No company can prove that any other is crooked. They would
implicate themselves. Besides, they respect the CEOs of the other
companies. It would be disloyal to squeal. So, nobody knows that
anything is wrong and it is business as usual, even though the ethics
policy of your industry requires that CEOs must immediately fire all
proven cheaters.
Suppose
that a credible third party informs everyone that at least one company
has employees that are breaking the law. This piece of information
turns the mutual knowledge, the interaction between individual
companies, into common knowledge possessed by the group. But it
requires a trusted independent authority.
Imagine
that there are only two companies, A and B and only A is cheating.
Being smart, company A realizes that it would know if B was cheating, so
it concludes from the new information that its own employees must be
guilty and it fires them immediately.
Now
suppose that both A and B cheat. Company A knows only about B’s
cheating. Likewise company B knows only about A’s cheating. Neither
knows about itself. Company A learns nothing from the independent
authority’s announcement, but when company B fails to immediately fire
its cheaters, company A can see that there must be a second cheater,
themselves. The same holds for company B, who infers from A’s failure
to fire its cheaters on the first day that it must also fire its
cheaters. Both companies fire their cheaters on the second day.
Now
suppose there are 3 cheaters A, B, and C. They would each infer from
the inaction of the other two that they were also guilty and so they
would fire their crooks on the third day. If there were twenty cheating
companies, none of them would be able to prove guilt until the
twentieth day, when they would all simultaneously fire their employees.
This shows the velocity of propagation of the truth within a group. It
is the way a group comes to a new stable operating point.
Could Muller’s Russia meddling investigation work like this?
Paranoid Groups
Assume
that there is one terrorist in ten million people. It is probably less
than this, given population sizes. Assume that vetting is 90%
accurate, a figure that would not be possible even with lie detectors,
brain scans and psychological tests. Out of ten million people, one
million would be identified as terrorists, but only one person would be
one. We would slander a million people in order to identify one bad
guy.
Suppose
the police, notified to be on the watch for a terrorist, have arrested a
man having a beard, brown skin, a copy of the Quran, and an instruction
manual for bomb making. What is the probability that an innocent man
would meet this description? What is the probability that a man who
looks like this is innocent?
Assume
there are four million people in your city, and one guilty one. Also
assume that there are only 10 people including the terrorist with these
things. The probability that an innocent man would be like this is
9/4,000,000 or about 1/400,000. How could someone who looks so guilty
be innocent? The probability that our innocent man has these things is
9/10. People are different. They could be studying violent
fundamentalism.
Looks matter. Groups matter.
World Groups
Why
do some countries become wealthy while others fail? Stability, peace,
and affluence go hand in hand. We know that free markets are helpful,
but they are not the whole story. There are many countries, rich in
natural resources, which are not prosperous. The most important thing
is that governments, politics, institutions, and economies must be
inclusive, and not greedily extractive.
Combined,
groups are anarchy, because their self-interested rules are within
themselves. There is no universal global rule, and rules are harder to
agree upon than interests, but most people feel that institutions help
to ensure stability. Their force comes from knowledge, expertise, and
respect. Important groups include the World Trade Organization,
International Monetary Fund, World Bank, EU, G20, UN, and NATO. There
are twenty free trade agreements (FTAs) such as NAFTA and the TPP. Can
our “stable genius” force his will on the world? The truth is that
tariffs are never for economic advantage. They are always political.
It is as James Madison wrote, “… You must first enable the government to
control the governed, and in the next step oblige it to control its
self.”